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First published on March 4, 2008, doi:10.1177/0011000007309489

The Counseling Psychologist 2008;36:525.

A more recent version of this article appeared on July 1, 2008
 © 2008 Division of Counseling Psychology of the American Psychological Association

Article

Internalized Heterosexism: Measurement, Psychosocial Correlates, and Research Directions

Dawn M. Szymanski*, Susan Kashubeck-West, and Jill Meyer

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: dawnszymanski{at}msn.com.


  Abstract
This article provides an integrated critical review of the literature on internalized heterosexism/internalized homophobia (IH), its measurement, and its psychosocial correlates. It describes the psychometric properties of six published measures used to operationalize the construct of IH. It also critically reviews empirical studies on correlates of IH in the areas of sexual identity formation and the coming-out process; mental, psychosocial, and physical health; substance use; sexual risk-taking behavior; intimate relationships; parenting and family issues; gender roles and feminism; race and ethnicity; religion; career issues; and counselor–client interactions and treatment interventions. Last, it discusses limitations of the body of research and provides suggestions for future research throughout the review.


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