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The Counseling Psychologist
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Racism and Psychological and Emotional Injury

Recognizing and Assessing Race-Based Traumatic Stress

Robert T. Carter

Teachers College Columbia University, rtc10{at}columbia.edu

The purpose of this article is to discuss the psychological and emotional effects of racism on people of Color. Psychological models and research on racism, discrimination, stress, and trauma will be integrated to promote a model to be used to understand, recognize, and assess race-based traumatic stress to aid counseling and psychological assessment, research, and training.

The Counseling Psychologist, Vol. 35, No. 1, 13-105 (2007)
DOI: 10.1177/0011000006292033
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