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The Counseling Psychologist
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Clarification and Purpose of the Race-Based Traumatic Stress Injury Model

Robert T. Carter

Teachers College Columbia University, rtc10{at}columbia.edu

The author responds to the four reactions authored by Thompson-Miller and Feagin, Griffin, Speight, and Bryant-Davis in this issue. In responding, he clarifies the purpose of the model presented in his major contribution and adds information about the model's legal and forensic applications that he did not touch on with any detail. He also discusses the purpose of the use of "injury" to describe the harm of racism, the intersection of psychology and law, and how legal definitions are not useful in the effort to understand the mental health effects of racism. He further points out that both objective and subjective stressors are harmful since, where racism is concerned, there seems to be a tendency to discount subjective experience. Lastly, the author acknowledges points made by the reaction authors that extend and expand the model of race-based traumatic stress injury he presented.

The Counseling Psychologist, Vol. 35, No. 1, 144-154 (2007)
DOI: 10.1177/0011000006295120
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