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The Counseling Psychologist
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White University Students' Responses to Societal Racism

A Qualitative Investigation

Lisa B. Spanierman

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, lbspan{at}uiuc.edu

Euna Oh

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

V. Paul Poteat

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Anita R. Hund

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Vetisha L. McClair

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Amanda M. Beer

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Alexis M. Clarke

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

The purpose of this investigation was to extend earlier conceptual and empirical literature on the ways in which White individuals respond to societal racism. To this end, the authors conducted in-depth interviews to examine 11 midwestern, non-Hispanic, White university students' reactions and experiences related to individual and institutional forms of racism perpetrated against people of color. We used the consensual qualitative research method to analyze these data. Results suggested that White students varied in their understanding of and responses to racism. Three topic domains, each consisting of a number of subcategories, reflected participants' varied responses to racism: (a) affective, (b) social, and (c) cognitive. Findings add to the existing literature by identifying in greater depth the multiple ways in which dominant group members respond to societal racism. Limitations and future research directions are discussed.

This version was published on August 1, 2008

The Counseling Psychologist, Vol. 36, No. 6, 839-870 (2008)
DOI: 10.1177/0011000006295589
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